NEES@Lehigh

Buckling-Restrained Braced Frame

Project Overview

Analytical and experimental studies on the seismic behavior of buckling restrained braced frames (BRBFs) are being conducted at the ATLSS Center, Lehigh University. The objectives of these studies are to investigate the seismic performance of the BRBF system, to evaluate existing design criteria, and to calibrate analytical models. A 4-story prototype building was designed with BRBFs as the lateral load resisting system. The columns and beams in this frame are wide-flange structural steel sections. Design criteria were taken from the IBC 2000 and the AISC/SEAOC Recommended Design Provisions for BRBFs. A 1-bay prototype BRBF, representing one-quarter of the lateral load resisting system in one direction, was extracted from the prototype building for analysis. The analysis program DRAIN-2DX was used to model the prototype frame including material and geometric nonlinearities. The force-deformation relationship used in the buckling-restrained brace (BRB) model incorporates both isotropic and kinematic hardening. Nonlinear time history analyses were conducted using an ensemble of ground motions consisting of natural earthquake records and one artificial earthquake record. The earthquake records were scaled to two different seismic input levels: Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) and Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE). A statistical summary of the analysis results was developed for both seismic input levels. Performance objectives were defined and used to evaluate the analysis results. The life safety performance level was the target level for the DBE and the collapse prevention performance level was the target level for the MCE. Acceptable BRBF behavior was observed at both seismic input levels. A large-scale BRBF experimental investigation is in progress. The frame which will be tested is a 3/5-scale model of the prototype BRBF. The test frame is four stories tall with a modified basement level. The experimental investigation will execute a series of hybrid pseudo-dynamic tests on the test frame to simulate seismic loading at various hazard levels. The series of tests will generate structural response ranging from the serviceability limit state to the collapse limit state. The results from the experimental investigation will be used to verify the analytical studies and to calibrate the analytical model of the BRBF. The experimental program will generate new information about the behavior and performance of multi-story BRBFs.

Buckling-Restrained Braced Frame (BRBF) Construction

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Timelapsed Construction

 

Summary

As part of the integrated analytical and experimental research program on buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs) being conducted at the ATLSS Center, Lehigh University, a large-scale BRBF was tested using the pseudo-dynamic method. The test frame was subjected to multiple earthquake simulations using the explicit Newmark algorithm. A hybrid testing approach was implemented to account for the P-Δ effects associated with the gravity load carried by the prototype building's gravity frames. Four earthquake simulations were conducted:

• A frequently occurring earthquake (FOE) - 50% probability of being exceeded in 50 years
• A design basis earthquake (DBE) - 2/3 of the MCE
• A maximum considered earthquake (MCE) - 2% chance of being exceeded in 50 years
• An aftershock - 80% of DBE (simulates a large earthquake following soon after the MCE)

Throughout the experimental program, the test frame performed well and exhibited no signs of distress. Significant drift demands were sustained with almost no damage. The beam-column-brace connections, which minimize connection moment and allow rotation, exhibited excellent performance and sustained only minor yielding at very large story drifts. Story drifts near 5% and BRB maximum ductility demands over 25 were observed in the MCE simulation. No stiffness or strength degradation was observed. Although residual drifts were large, over 2% residual roof drift after the MCE simulation, the test frame retained its full load-carrying capacity and withstood a significant aftershock simulation following the MCE. This experimental program demonstrated that a properly detailed BRBF is capable of withstanding the largest anticipated seismic input and maintaining its structural integrity. Selected test results and photographs from the MCE simulation are presented below.

Buckling-Restrained Braced Frame (BRBF) Results

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Related Publications

• Fahnestock, L.A., Sause, R., Ricles, J.M. and Lu, L.W., "Ductility Demands on Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames under Earthquake Loading," Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, December 2003, 2 (2): 255-268.
• Fahnestock, L.A., Sause, R. and Ricles, J.M., "Seismic Analysis and Design of Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames," Proceedings, 5th International PhD Symposium in Civil Engineering, Delft, The Netherlands, June 16-19, 2004.
• Fahnestock, L.A., Sause, R. and Ricles, J.M., "Analytical and Experimental Studies on Buckling Restrained Braced Composite Frames," Proceedings, International Workshop on Steel and Concrete Composite Construction, Taipei, Taiwan, October 8-9, 2003.
• Fahnestock, L.A., Sause, R. and Ricles, J.M., "Refined Inelastic Truss Bar Element (Type 01) with Isotropic Hardening for DRAIN-2DX--Element Description and User Guide," ATLSS Report No. 04-19, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, August 2004.

Participants

Graduate Research Assistant

• Larry Fahnestock

Faculty Advisors

• James Ricles
• Richard Sause

Sponsors

• National Science Foundation (NSF)
• Pennsylvania Infrastructure Technology Alliance(PITA),Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development
• Star Seismic
• Samuel Grossi and Sons, Inc.
• American Institute of Steel Construction(AISC/Klingelhofer Fellowship, 2001)
• Earthquake Engineering Research Institute(EERI/FEMA NEHRP Graduate Fellowship, 2002-2003)

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